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Dehua Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences which is the teacher wrote in his blog, written by Wang is very good, very detailed, After reading the very popular, and therefore reproduced over, hoping to benefit more people. The following is the original:
Dehua
season to be reviewed each year dissertation defense in each of his student's papers also repeatedly revised . But no matter how careful, there are always wrong. Unfortunately still there, but new ones were.
So what is the good thesis dissertation it? In fact we all understand, and my heart are also clear. online published annually National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation, Academy of Sciences of the excellent doctoral thesis, are some example (although some have been pointed to some shortcomings, the overall look should be no big problem). returnees back some professors naturally excellent paper . Template everywhere.
as a communication, and I still want from the perspective of a mentor for me in touch with the domestic situation thesis, discuss some superficial views, I hope for my own graduate students and other interested Some of the benefits. to write it in the form of running account.
Title: Dissertation topic should be concise, precise, not wordy, not long. judges or readers to know that you saw the main subject of the work. Some of the students in the Ph.D. made during several different content, such title difficult to express accurately the meaning of problems. to highlight the point, but do not will not close the several elements are written on a topic. still have some papers are a few extraneous elements so more difficult to set the title (which were originally designed to deficiencies). In any case, a subject is a subject, can only be taken care. If they are on the list, it is neither fish nor fowl. still have some paper is a big topic a little bit of work, if necessary, can be given in the form subheading for more information.
remind: Note thesis topic can never be typos, especially on the cover.
Abstract: The brief is the main The. summary is a condensed and cream paper. connoisseur to know that you people read summary of the main findings and conclusions, lay people can understand what you do to get those important discoveries. Therefore, the topics of significance ( theory and applications), the method used (especially advanced equipment and technology) to do what work? What are the main results obtained and conclusions? a summary of the main content, but do not list a lot. one can not have many major thesis found, but a dissertation is no point where the flash is impossible. so to make efforts to tap the importance of the results and conclusions of their own importance.
remind: avoid paper no conclusion.
English Abstract: The basic requirement is to read, there is no syntax error (readable and correct English), it would be best if the native language. Once the grammar, spelling, tense, singular and plural, voice, etc., there are a number less than the general reader has no desire to read on.
Introduction: Some degree thesis, a big introduction. The so-called introduction, each chapter is relatively speaking, within each chapter there are often a preamble. Preface to talk clearly research background, research papers related to the relevant progress, mainly theory, theory and other aspects of development, domestic and international debate now exists, the remaining issues and so on. and then to introduce the object of study, the accumulation of relevant research has been Some major findings, there is no problem, or worthy of further problems. According to the accumulation and development of domestic and international disciplines, interested in scientific issues surrounding the proposed scientific hypotheses (Hypothesis), according to scientific hypothesis, put forward prediction (Prediction) and so on. This is the purpose of the study. accurately identify the problem, the purpose clear. a lot of paper is no problem, no hypothesis, but that country has no relevant information, so I did. Now the science (especially biology science), most are hypothesis-driven research (hypothesis-driven), Darwin's the kind of natural history (Natural history) type of study is still very important, but is not mainstream. So if you are not engaged in research fieldwork not need to go through a lot of study and granted only after the accumulation of some of the content of the concluding words, we must pay attention to this now br> In the preface, the study should pay attention to tell the reader the importance of science where the relevant results which will contribute to scientific development. If there is a significant contribution to the national economy and must be explained.
remind : Introduction avoid accumulation of literature written in the background without introduced. of meaning and purpose must be clearly highlighted. by reference to the chart must indicate the source.
materials and methods; This part is relatively easy to write. with what equipment What technology, what formula to determine what indicators and so on. but still have a logic of thesis writing, first of all do not write the University of lab reports, some students will use a list of chemical reagents, indicating the company and product information. This is not necessary and can not write. should be to melt in the text inside information, such as the determination of what indicators, what reagents, determination of what the device, so that will be parameters, reagents, equipment, methods, even up. again those of biological experiments is the internal logic of the (other subjects is not clear), as physiological experiments, if the animal has not yet executed, it can not be described in the determination of blood hormone and other methods, such as mitochondria Determination, or to follow conventional logic, such as animals come from? how to raise? rearing conditions (temperature, light, food ingredients, cage size hh), how the experimental treatment? processing time? collected in the parameters and indicators? what time to collect? what time animals were sacrificed? organs and tissues of how to deal with? hh need the information given in detail, not brief, there is attention to the internal logic. It is worth recalling, if not his method of creation, methods and techniques used in the description of the column must be the related references.
Biology of particular concern in today's statistics. a description of statistical methods to pay special attention to the different parameter types to use a different method to specify the method of analysis. such as the behavioral data is not normal distribution of data, some data is the same number of animals sampled at different times (repeated measurement data), some are seasonal sampling (with different animals, animals have the same sample by marking the season), some data is the percentage of specific data hh What statistical method used is a clear need to pay attention and description.
Materials and Methods section is closely related with the preface, the foreword to the relevant plan to verify that hypothesis, what kind of experimental treatments to determine which indicators can be achieved, these Information on the need for detailed materials and methods section.
remind: materials and methods should not simplify, others can not be repeated. Each method, if not original, should have a source.
Results: This is the essence of paper part of the outcome of years of hard work. Some students like to be described according to the different sections, it is possible. Each section can be independently written, in the preface to each chapter need to be more specific, scientific problems will be more directly and specific. method is more specific and detailed description.
Results section should also pay attention to logic, what to say first, then say, to levels clearly. basic requirement is that the chart should be beautiful, with a chart that purpose is to study the results of The results presentation was a glance, such as increased or decreased, the change trend of the correlation relations. Be aware that some data can not be a line chart, and only with continuous data to a line chart. graph is important to the process of design and landscaping , fonts, line thickness, etc., which are to spend a lot of effort for. statistical information to be more to come.
must always remember: the result is for questions and the result is the result of the corresponding experimental design, the obtained after correlation processing, the natural process of collecting data is to strictly carefully to ensure authentic data, this is a good result.
remind: in the Results section should not only charts, there is no text description; or in the articles is described, but did not say where the data (related chart).
Discussion: This section is based on the results of the distillation. First of all the main findings and conclusions to stand out, and then analyze the reasonableness of the importance of What evidence to support, enhance, where the development there.'s contribution in the subject area is. At the same time we must combine the foreword to the hypothesis and prediction made. tell the reader that your research is to support the proposed hypothesis, or refused, or neutral.
content of each concluding, as long as is a quote from literature, the source must be given. To read the original literature references, try not quoted, at least to see the original abstract. Now a lot of reference and the contents of the paper is not detached, or misquoted. At the same time is also very important to correctly understand the text, and once you understand the error, but also a big problem.
the results of the analysis of their own time, in biology, but also pay attention to grasp the basic biological characteristics of organisms, such as the distribution there? diet? is hibernating? classification status? habitat, climate conditions, etc., pay no attention to such information, or do not know this information, many can not understand scientific issues also explain the bad, even if good results are also difficult to draw a good conclusion. These may be suitable for macro-biology.
discussion section to deal only taboo pile of documents, listed a long list and incomprehensible. to avoid the total is to introduce what the international results have been obtained, and finally this information is not a good result for the analysis of their own to explain their conclusions.
as biology, as the study of the philosophy of different (bio has its own special Philosophy of Biology, famous scientists had elaborated Meyer), a biological phenomenon should therefore strive to give the immediate cause (Proximate cause) and distant (Ultimate cause). a biological phenomenon, not explained these two aspects, have much to be desired. Philosophy of Biology This is a different philosophy and physics, that is, a biological phenomenon we give the reasons for the phenomenon after the (so-called mechanistic studies, such as molecular biology, genomics studies, etc.), but also explain why there is such a phenomenon (evolutionary explanation). We are an instantaneous determination of ecology, physiology, biochemistry or molecular biological markers, but the indicators reflect many generations, but After a phenomenon, this countless times in the evolution of matter in the end what happened? is the need of our analysis.
If the paper shows the results with multiple chapters, each chapter has a summary of the best sum up The main findings and conclusions in this chapter. Sometimes the experiment can also be pointed out that inadequate or add to this.
remind: the discussion should be the primary and secondary, should not everything, everywhere is not deep, vague.
Conclusion: Proposed text there is a conclusion part (not necessarily need). the conclusion is the full text of the summary to remind the reader that you get the main conclusions of the Institute, an important contribution to less than, and the proposal can be further carried out by relevant content. attention is not with the conclusion Abstract repeat, do not repeat the summary of each chapter. too much repetition is very taboo.
Literature Review: A Literature Review to reflect the situation of students to master the literature on the development of understanding of the situation at home and abroad, the literature of the filter and comprehensive ability.
reminded: Do not involve too broad, too. should focus on several themes. thesis research is based on literature review. must pay attention to reference: the origin of the chart, each conclusion provenance.
References: This part is often vulnerable, mainly because they do not care cause. First, the paper cited in the literature, in the reference section must be listed; the contrary, references listed in Each document must be cited within the text are. must be consistent before and after. References reference to fine, not better. In fact, many students did not read those documents. Since there is no read out on doing it? You made reference to? If there is no reference to how to put the references? on the details, as long as the name would not have the error carefully, publication name wrong, wrong animal name, page errors, capitalization errors and so on. I have a recommendation, reference in the Chinese literature the best front row in the English literature, and it is best to sort by last name of strokes. Some students said that in accordance with the alphabetical order is not the same? My view is that our Chinese word order is alphabetical, not a director. just a personal hobby only, at least my students are advised to study this sort.
Acknowledgement: this section we must emphasize and attention. I already have blog entries explained how to write thank the part of the paper. 20 years of study of the road, got the highest academic degree, say excited to be false. but this part must be to reveal the truth, to devote to writing, try not to have missed, but said the first words taboo. Some teachers student relationship, relationship between colleagues, students are not very harmonious relationship, at this time, students should be broad-minded and some people helped you before, you still have to thank. But it is written on paper, if the narrow thinking For some people helped you deliberately do not thank, maybe someday in the future, you want to restore, but have no such possible. so they still have to learn to be tolerant, to the Sea, do not leave any regrets on affection. Features to show that the life of graduate study primarily in the study group, usually little contact with the graduate department, and even some students is a school to the Times, graduation to do a procedure. However, usually all of the graduate affairs management, teachers graduate management department is very hard, from the school, admission, has been to graduation, they are quietly busy, graduation time, we should thank them properly. For the experimental laboratory staff, equipment managers, etc., are to remember their help, give thanks for. this is not to say.
reminder: thanks for the brothers and sisters, if they have not received his Ph.D., be sure not to call them Dr. so that they themselves would be very embarrassing.
Biography: remind you that is not to exaggerate their resumes. published papers, to be realistic. has completed the first draft, or have contributions, or has been repaired, or printing, etc., to be realistic column out. even the first draft is not completed, if the intention is only a subject, there is no need to list out.
In short, the thesis of data must be true, the conclusion must be moderate, not a fake, do not be overstated components. good results, it is important that, will not be buried. Of course a good dissertation is the most important academic value, form the surface of things is important results service. Remember a doctoral dissertation to consider and ensure the three points:
1. you are engaged in the research field on what contribution?
2. This contribution is important?
3. whether your contribution is original in nature?
above Capriccio, there are many deficiencies. I have also seen a number of foreign graduate degree thesis, in the format, structure, etc. are different. So what kind of thesis is good, there is no uniform specific criteria. But in fact, in reality, people's minds and indeed there is a standard.
as a communication and reference, not seriously modified, improperly pointed out that criticism welcome correction.
where I put Wang's blog Tieshanglai addresses, without the consent of the teacher by the king, want to know that Wang would not mind, because I really think there are many good things the teacher should I learn together with friends, I am here Thanks in teacher ^ _ ^ .